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Post by ajk on Apr 5, 2020 14:03:12 GMT -5
EPISODE 1
Tangun Era 3229, A.D. 896, Kingdom of Shilla. On the tenth year summer of Queen Jinsong’s reign, Goongyae and his mighty troops verged upon Chulwon Castle waving a Salvation Army flag. 230 years had passed since Kim Chunchu united the three kingdoms. At this time Shilla was on a rapid path to downfall. Bloody battles among the royals for the throne [were] endless, and drought, disease and increasing tax[es] caused chaos and uprising of the people. The provincial leaders turned their backs against the powerless central government, and threatened the kingdom with their increasing autonomous powers. The stage was set for many heroes to emerge and give rise to the short-lived Multi-Dominion Era. At this time, our hero Wang Guhn was living in silence in Song-ak. But in the old Baekje region, a commander named Kyun-hwon had emerged and proclaimed himself the king, and in the old Koguryo region, Monk Goongyae had mobilized an army and took possession of Myungju, and made his way to Chulwon. Now a significant portion of old Koguryo was out of Shilla’s control and under Goongyae’s rule. This was an ominous sign. Yet another era of the Three Kingdoms was beginning.
Goongyae—he conquered Chulwon and proclaimed himself the king. This was the second overthrow after Kyun-hwon defeated Baekje. [The] Chronicle of Three Kingdoms writes about Goongyae in this early period like this: “Goongyae shared pain, discomfort, victory and satisfaction with his soldiers on the battlefield. He wasn’t reckless in taking from the enemy, but was fair and diplomatic in his dealings with them. Many feared and loved him for that reason, and honored him as the Great General.” It is evident that Goongyae was an exceptional leader who had the power to capture the hearts of his men. And he will soon face the hero of this epic drama, Wang Guhn.
EPISODE 2
The last day of January, A.D. 877. Wang Guhn who later unites the three Han States and establishes the Koryo Empire was born. History records his birth like this: Emperor Taejo has a last name of Wang, first name of Guhn, byname of Yakchun, and is a man of Song-ak. He is the eldest son of King Saejo and Queen Weesook. He was born on the last day of January in the year of the rooster, in the south quarters of the residence in Song-ak. It is said mysterious light surrounded the courtyard and lit up the birth room when he was born.
EPISODE 3
Wang Ryung, the father of Taejo Wang Guhn, was honored as Saejo when Wang Guhn was enthroned. There [is] insufficient data to validate his lineage. Written records state [only] that he was the father of Wang Guhn, son of Jak Jaegun, and grandson of a nobleman of [the] Tang Empire. This tells us that Wang Guhn’s ancestors were Shilla immigrants who lived in [the] Tang Empire and they were originally from the Han Peninsula. When Shilla united the Three Kingdoms, a great number of refugees from Baekje and Koguryo fled to [the] Tang Empire. Most of these refugees were overseas merchants, and some migrated back to Shila at a later date. Many historians believe that Wang Guhn’s ancestors may have been one of these clans that originated in the old Koguryo.
Mule’s ears. It is a fable about a king’s barber who couldn’t hold the secret of the king’s funny large ears to himself and made it public by going into the bamboo forest and shouting out “King’s ears are mule’s ears!” This fable originated from King Myungmoon’s time. People were mocking King Myungmoon’s frivolity and lack of resolution. With a father of such weak character, a concubine’s son Goongyae had no chance of survival.
EPISODE 4
Goongyae. He spent ten years in meditation at Saedal Temple. As a monk he was called Sunjong, and his exceptional intelligence was acknowledged at an early age. The chronicle of the Three Kingdoms writes that Goongyae was unrestrained by the monastic laws, and was courageous and stubborn. One can also interpret this as fulfillment of enlightenment in the world of Buddhism. Saedal Temple is a predecessor of Hong-kyo Temple. Hong-kyo Temple existed in two locations: one near Song-ak, and the other in Youngwol. At this time, Buddhism was rapidly transforming from [the] royalty- and nobility-focused Avatamska school of Buddhism to [the] Zen school of Buddhism, which was focused on the teachings of Dharma and delivered hope of enlightenment to lay believers. These monasteries were self-sustained and stood on the side of the lay people. These monks not only educated themselves, but also trained in martial arts for their own protection. It is evident that Goongyae also underwent this training.
Wang Guhn was no less exceptional. Wang Ryung extensively taught his young son about the sea and commerce, and he employed mentors in both literary and military arts in preparation for his future. At this time, Shilla was under the rule of Queen Jinseong, who was a half-sister of Goongyae. She was the third queen [ruler] of Shilla, following Queen Seondeok and Queen Jindeok. Shilla was on a rapid path to decline. General Weehung had dominated political power and the court was being shaped at his command. This is how [the] ten years had passed.
A crow brings a piece of jade to Goongyae with [the] inscription “King.” It sounds like a mythical tale, but it is so written in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. Whether fiction or real, it reinforces that Goongyae was born to be a king.
EPISODE 5
Queen Jinsung, the 51st ruler of Shilla. She is the half-sister of Goongyae and the daughter of King Kyungmoon. This is her second year on the throne but she had long forgotten about the governmental affairs and was preoccupied with her love affair with her own uncle, Prime Minister Weeheung. Ignoring her reputation as a queen, she is en route to a rendezvous with her lover at his home.
Wang Guhin. He was a great poet and revered sage of his time. People of this time often condemned the government for the famine and tyranny by posting slanderous posters on walls, and one written in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms reads like this: This is an encrypted message that means that Queen Jinsung allowed her lover Weeheung to abuse his power and led Shilla to destruction beyond repair. The royal court believed that these were the works of the elite scholar Wang Guhin, and captured him.
Dosun and Choe Chiwon. Dosun was a high priest who studied geomancy and predicted the birth of Wang Guhn and the rise of Goryeo. He was also responsible for establishing Buddhist beliefs as the national ideology in the unified Later Three Kingdoms. Choe Chiwon was a master literary who was illustrious during the last stages of Shilla. The two were discussing the fate of the kingdom.
Samdaemok: A collection of ballads that was compiled during the second year of Jinsung’s reign. Ballads are equivalent to present-day pop music. “Samdae” refers to the three stages of Shilla history and “mok” means its characterization. It is presumed to have contained a wide variety of songs, but the contents remain uncertain as the text was not preserved. Its significance is that this is the first songbook that was recorded to have been compiled in Korean history.
At last, Kyun-hwon enters the scene. Kyun-hwon. He shows himself as the nameless commander of Surabul here. But who is he? He is the man that later conquers Bekjae and becomes its king. The heroes of the Later Three Kingdoms, Wang Guhn, Goongyae, and Kyun-hwon. This is an unforgettable encounter of these three men.
EPISODE 6
Kyun-hwon. Son of a powerful peasant of Sangju named Ah Jagae, his courage and boldness was noted at an early age. His fondness for martial arts is evidenced by the fact that he incorporated the word “sword” into all of his sons’ names. Records indicate that he renamed himself Kyun-hwon at the age of 15 and traveled to Surabul to join the military. It is not clear why he deserted his powerful and wealthy father to become a soldier, but it is presumed to have been due to discordant family relations.
Pekgoja—it was a national ceremony in which one hundred high monks collectively prayed for the welfare of the country. Because of its deep patriotic significance, the head of state was required to be he administrator of the ceremony. It was first established by King Jinpyung in A.D. 613 and continued through the Koryo period, but it was suppressed after the Mongol invasion.
EPISODE 7
Marketplace: History of [the] Korean Marketplace originated in the Shilla period. To circulate goods throughout the city of Surabul, the first Marketplace was established in the 12th year of King Soji, and further developed by later Kings Jijeng and Hyogong. They also created “Shijun,” a centralized office that oversaw the activities of the markets that were strategically placed throughout the city. Thus at the later stages of Shilla, the marketplace culture is assumed to have been at its height. An Arab literature describes Shilla of that time like this: “It is a land of many mountains and gold. Many merchants who travel there become enchanted with the delightful environment and do not return.
Dice game: This was one of Shilla’s pastime activities. This game is said to have originated at a pond tavern. Although a thousand years have passed, the form of the game has remained virtually unchanged.
EPISODE 8
Weeheung. He is the younger brother of King Kyungmoon. Holder of the highest government position, prime minister, his accomplishments include restoration of Hwangyong Pagoda, and compilation of the first songbook “Samdaemok.” After King Kyungmoon’s death, he seized political control and closely assisted his nephews King Jungkang and King Hunkang. Later he became a lover of his own niece, Queen Jinsung, and controlled the government and the court. Queen Jinsung’s love for him was sincere. She was bedridden for a time after Weeheung’s death, and memorialized him with an honorable title, King Haesung.
EPISODE 9
Kyun Hwon’s father Ahjagae had two wives. He had Kyun Hwon and Neungyae with his first wife, and fathered one daughter and five more sons with his second wife, Namwon. Kyun Hwon’s mother was deceased by this time, and the control of the household was in his stepmother’s hands. Discord with his father and stepmother eventually brings regrettable destruction to Kyun Hwon who erects Later Baekjae.
Secret Script of Dosun. It is a book of prophecy written by monk Dosun. It contains general narration about geomancy and its effects. Thus, Dosun is the first man who introduced us to feng-shui, which is still actively practiced in the present. In the Chronicle of Koryo, King Taejo Wang Guhn writes: “All Koryo’s temples are strategically located according to Dosun’s analysis. Do not build temples without Dosun’s approval, for this nation’s welfare may depend on it.” It is evident that Taejo greatly respected and trusted Dosun. Dosun’s disciple Kyungbo wanted to get a glimpse into the future with this secret script.
Mida Peak Base: Located in Munju, it was one of the ten military bases that were established in each state of Shilla. This is where Kyun Hwon was presumed to have been stationed when he was assigned to defend the southwestern coastal region. It is also where he began laying foundations for his new kingdom.
EPISODE 10
At this time Kyun-hwon was fighting his formidable enemy in the southwestern coastal region, our hero Wang Guhn was steadfastly training in both literature and martial arts. Living under the care of Kihwon in Jukju, Goongyae was building the trust of his peers while waiting for his time to come. Let’s set these two men aside for now and learn more about Kyun-hwon, as he was the first one of the three principal characters to rise to power.
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Post by ajk on Apr 5, 2020 14:12:43 GMT -5
EPISODE 11
Kyun-Hwon...he was a man of fearless courage. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms depicts him like this: “Kyun-hwon was born in Kaheun, Sangju. He was wrapped in a blanket and left in a field as a newborn, when a wild tiger came down from the mountain and nursed him. As he grew up, his robust frame and appearace stood out, and his vivacious spirit was remarkable.”
Park Jiyoon...He was the lord of Pyungju. Wang Ryung possessed the castle of Song-ak, but his power was weak compared to Park. At the time, Park was a powerful man controlling a vast area bordering thirteen settlements. His reluctance may have been the reason why these men failed to join forces and eventually succumbed to Goongyae’s invasion. During this time, Goongyae was still living under the care of Kihwon.
By this time, Kyun-hwon’s father Ahjagae had led a peasant uprising in Sangju, and seized control of Sabulju Castle. More accurately, he successfully took advantage of the military’s weakened state after fighting off another rebel force led by Wonjong. Ahjagae stared revealing himself to the world, and news about him had reached Sudal.
EPISODE 12
At last, Sudal genuinely surrendered before Kyun-hwon. By gaining Sudal, Kyun-hwon gained control of the entire southwestern coastal region. This was a tremendous milestone. Kyun-hwon’s fast progression is remarkable compared to Wang Ryung who was struggling to protect Song-ak at the time, and to Goongyae who had yet to discover his path.
EPISODE 13
At last, Kyun-hwon’s world had come. He captured Sudal, the most powerful man in the southwest, and successfully recruited Jonglae to his side. By instantly gaining control of many powerful chieftains, Kyun-hwon was able to expand his territory at once. This was the beginning of Later Bekjae. Ironically, it was Shilla that laid the foundation for his uprising, as he was originally sent to this area by the Shilla government to suppress the rebels.
Kyun-hwon’s revolt: Biography of Kyun-hwon is recorded in the 50th chapter of the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. This chapter describes the period like this: “Shilla fell into a deep state of confusion as a result of corruption in the government. To make matters worse, famine engulfed the already distressed peasants, which forced many to roam the countryside and caused thieves to spring up everywhere. At that time, ambitious Kyun-hwon assembled his allies and led his troops throughout the southwest coast. He was met without resistance everywhere he went, and his forces grew to exceed 5000 men in a matter of one month.” An army of 5000 men was a huge force at that time. This indicates that Kyun-hwon’s era was already well underway. Hence the history of Later Bekjae, founded by Kyun-hwon, had begun to take root.
EPISODE 14
892 A.D., sixth year of Queen Jinsung’s reign...Kyun-hwon finally seized Mujinju and proclaimed himself king. One of nine states in Shilla, Mujinju was a fortress with passages to the Southwest Sea, Wansanju, Chungju and Sanryangju. Kyun-hwon was 27 years old at the time, and this was three years after his first revolt. There are two theories to validate his lineage as a Bekjae descendant. One is that his father Ahjagae was a descendant of Guyuhshi, and the other claims that he was a direct descendant of King Jinheung. Whichever is true, he declares himself a Bekjae native, and later proclaims the rebirth of Later Bekjae to the world. And along with Mujinju, he gains a truly loyal servant Shin Kang. Shin Kang never leaves Kyun-hwon’s side, and sacrifices his life for Later Baekje.
In a few short years, Shilla’s central government seriously weakened its ruling power. Taxes went unpaid, and royal orders went ignored. The government was at wits end when Kyun-hwon seized Mujinju. What [they could do] to prevent him from advancing to the Imperial City was to grant him a position in the government. The position had a truly long title and it is as follows: Superior Chief of Military of South Shilla, Exclusive Military and Administrative Director of Juhnju, Beneficiary of 2000 household homestead in Hannam County. What a grandiose title it was. This is evidence of the government’s desperation at the time.
EPISODE 15
Bekdu Mountain Range...It is a chain of mountains that divides Korea by east and west. It flows from Mt. Bekdu along the eastern coast and veers west at Mt. Taebek to Mt. Jiri. Myungju was a fort in present-day Kangwon-do region, situated east of Bekdu Mountain Range. Because of its geographic advantage, this region remained relatively peaceful during this time of national turmoil. Yangil began to cast his eyes on this region after listening to Goongyae.
Goongyae at Suknam Temple...He finally began carrying out his mission as he settled here. But he started with chilling discipline. Asserting equality and detachment to possessions, he finally began taking steps toward the land of Buddha.
EPISODE 16
Goongyae at Suknam Temple: Suknam Temple was located in Wanju at the base of Mt. Chiak. Once here, Goongyae lived an exemplary life as a monk, abiding strictly by his laws. He assembled monks to maintain the temple, abolished social discrimination, and (he) worked, ate and slept among the commoners. One year after his arrival, people flocked to this region as the hungry and the sick were never ignored in his care. People eventually came to believe that Goongyae was truly a living Buddha.
Kyun-hwon did not rush to battle after he conquered Mujinju. Instead he appeased the wealthy and slowly increased his power. His primary focus was restoring order to the region that was plagued with lawless confusion. Commoners and nobles alike responded to Kyun-hwon’s new order and began trusting his leadership. Kyun-hwon’s kingdom was taking strong root. As Neunghwan pointed out, what was most pressing to Kyun-hwon now was finding leaders who will help him rule his new kingdom. And just in time, a man (who) will play a crucial role in formation of later Bekjae reveals himself.
Choi Seung-woo...His ancestral home is Kyungju. Along with Choi Chiwon and Choi Unui, he was one of the illustrious Three Choi Prodigies of Shilla. He traveled to the Tang Empire in 890 A.D. to further his studies. There he passed the Tang national exam and held a position in the Ministry of Rites. And in 893 A.D. he returned to his homeland. He was a great scholar revered by the entire country.
Kyun-hwon and Ahjagae...This father and son were like oil and water. Kyun-hwon had become a king, but to his father it was an extraneous matter. Kyun-hwon’s discord with his father later becomes a factor that foils his advancement time after time. Around this time, Bukwon’s Yangil was headed toward Suknam Temple.
Goongyae finally led his troops and advanced to the east. The historical records indicate he took 600 of Yangil’s soldiers and proceeded to Myungju. But historians speculate (that) over 2000 soldies were in Myungju at the time; thus Goongyae’s force had to have been comparable to that number. Whichever is true, Goongyae took his troops and proceeded east for his first battle as a commander.
Wang Ryung used his fortune to strengthen his army and focused on winning the hearts of his people. He recruited seafarers and merchants whom he trusted, and worked on creating an elite force. Yet he was pessimistic about the fate of Song-ak. And he was preparing for what will happen after Song-ak is taken over by a hostile force. What could that be? Only Wang Ryung knew....
EPISODE 17
Year 894, 8th year of Queen Jinsung’s reign...Wang Guhn was seventeen years old at this time. With his footing in Mujinju, Kyun-hwon ceaselesly advanced east and north, expanding his territory. Meanwhile, Goongyae led Yangil’s army and advanced with incredible speed toward Myungju, gathering followers along the way. But at the failing empire Shilla’s edge, Song-ak and neighboring counties helplessly awaited their impending doom, as misunderstandings and disagreements continued to stop them from unification.
Bumkyo---His name appears briefly in historical texts, but the details of his life are unclear. As a monk and an elite youth of Shilla, he played a critical role in the selection and enthronement of Goongyae’s father King Kyungmoon. However his selection did not yield good results. Kyungmoon was an incompetent king, and his brother Weehung and Queen Jinsung ultimately led Shilla to its fail. Thus he could not meet his death in peace.
Kwibu...It means to acquiesce voluntarily. Under this peaceful arrangement, the subject became an ally while preserving its authority for a given period of time. The surrendering parties often sent their kin as collateral to display loyalty, and this was the case for Chungju. With this, Kyun-hwon had conquered two of the nine states in Shilla.
Power of Maitreya...What is Goongyae referring to? This far-fetched plan to strike a force of 3,000 elite soldiers with an army of 2,000 men made up mostly of farmers. In the name of Maitreya, Goongyae plotted this fantastic event. He knew the latent powers of his soldiers who had entrusted their lives on the faith in Maitreya. While Wang Guhn was meeting Monk Dosun in Song-ak, and while Kyun-hwon was closing in on Wansanju after capturing Chungju, Goongyae was contemplating this battle of a lifetime that would decide his fate.
EPISODE 18
Goongyae was truly worthy of being called a living Buddha at this time. He was like the rain and the savior to the peasants who suffered from hunger and continuous drought. He strictly controlled his men and himself, and won the trust and support of the people who had lost all hope. This was the power of Maitreya that he was counting on.
As introduced previously, Choi Seung-woo was one of the three prodigies of Shilla. As a nobleman of Shilla, and a onetime bureaucrat of Tang, he unerringly understood and experienced the confusion and war that raged through China. And now he had become Kyun-hwon’s right hand. He was a man worth kneeling for. Meanwhile, Goongyae was headed toward Bukwon at the order of Yangil....
Secret Script of Dosun. Intrigue and fascination for this book of prophecy has continued for a thousand years to this day. The details of this book are unknown, but it is presumed to have contained Dosun’s findings about geomancy and its effect on human fate. Dosun shared this book with Wang Guhn. Koguryo Chronicle writes about the incident like this: “When King Taejo was 17 years old, Dosun came to him and said, ‘You came to the misfortune of a hundred years, and people of suffering await you.’ And he taught Taejo to direct and position an army, how to discern opportunities and geographical advantages, and how to honor, understand, and protect the nature.
EPISODE 19
Yangil...He once had more than thirty counties under his rule, dominating the central region of Shilla. And Goongyae was his subject. Yangil was indeed a powerful man, but he does not make it onto the lineup of great heroes. He gave Goongyae his army to conquer Myungju, only to end up strengthening Goongyae’s power and parting with him later. It was a difference in capacity. Goongyae was no match for small-minded Yangil. Seeking revenge for Goongyae’s betrayal, Yangil attacks Goongyae two different times, but dies in wrath with no avail. Yangil paved the way for Goongyae, and Goongyae advanced. This was the end for these two men.
EPISODE 20
Huhwol...Descendant of Shilla’s royal family, he was the father of Kim Soonshik, the lord of Myungju. He and his son were direct descendants of Kim Juwon;, who ws sent to Myungju in the year 780 as a result of a defeated battle for the throne. Kim Juwon’s heirs had ruled Myungju for generations, but Huhwol turned over his power to his son and entered into a life of Buddhism. He was a man of foresight, hence he urges his son to surrender the castle without bloodshed.
According to the Chronicle of the Three Koreas, Goongyae was finally titled “General” when he entered Myungju. This signified his independence and autonomy. Remarkably, he had attained Myungju, one of the nine states of Shilla, all on his own without bloodshed. Revealing his magnanimity, he did not proclaim kingship, but allowed Kim Soonshik to maintain governmental control. In other words, he returned Myungju right back to its prior lord.
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Post by ajk on Apr 5, 2020 14:23:27 GMT -5
EPISODE 21
And so Goongyae gained Bokjikyum. Bokjikyum was a man of virtue and integrity. He was a brilliant strategist who Yangil greatly valued but lost as a result of Yangil’s deficient capacity. Once Goongyae gained Myungju and Bokjikyum, he reorganized his army and strengthened the battle line.
Goongyae once again departed from Chulwon with crusade as his next target. Contrary to expectations, he did no establish Myungju as the capital. Instead he prepared Soonshik for Yangil’s retaliation, and headed for Chulwon at Jongkahn’s strong advice. Just as Kyun-hwon arose to power with the old Bekjae as his footing, they also needed a land that could provide both purpose and profit. Chulwon was most suitable.
Goongyae’s course to Chulwon over Mt. Taebeck intersected the north border of Bukwon. Therefore, Goongyae could easily attack Bukwon if he so desired. This indeed was a cause for alarm for Yangil. But he was not the only one in shock and fear. Song-ak and its neighboring villages were trembling in fear of Goongyae’s army that approached at an alarming speed.
Originally “Koguryo,” it started being called “Koryo” during the period of King Jangsu’s reign, when the term “Koryo” was used in diplomatic communications with China. Goongyae was now about to restore that distinguished name.
EPISODE 22
Goongyae—he conquered Chulwon and proclaimed himself the king. This was the second overthrow after Kyun-hwon created his own state in Mujinju. The year was 896 A.D - the tenth year of Queen Jinsung’s reign. 230 years after Kim Chunchu united the Three Koreas, the United Shilla was once again divided into the Later Three Koreas.
EPISODE 23
Master...It is a title of respect for the head of a clan., but is also used to address the ruler of a dominion. Thus, it is also a title of address for a king. A king and his servant...People of Song-ak were now pledging their loyalty to their own new king. Wang Ryung headed toward Chulwon to face Goongyae. Like other chieftains of the region, he, too, would kneel before Goongyae. Bu the had an ulterior motive. He would haggle with Goongyae for a deal of a lifetime with the country as the commodity.
Neungsan, better known as Shin Seungkyum, he would later sacrifice his life for Wang Guhn and become the ultimate patriot of Koryo. Park Sulhee...He would also become a devoted subordinate who Wang Guhn, at his death, would trust his last will with. Both men would later play essential roles in assisting Wang Guhn’s unification of the three Koreas. And this was their first encounter.
EPISODE 24 - none
EPISODE 25
Sworn brothers. Wang Guhn secured these strong and brave men to his side. Yu Gumpil and Neungsan are speculated to have been a few years older than Wang Guhn. But it remains uncertain since their birth records are not found. However, these three were the most notable among many of Wang Guhn’s loyal subjects; hence this depiction has portrayed them together in this fashion.
EPISODE 26
The death of Wang Ryung...It was on the 11th year of Queen Jinsung’s reign, A.D. 897, Year 3230 Tangun Era. Wang Ryung held Shilla’s official governing position as the lord of Song-ak. He was a wealthy overseas trade merchant who fathered Wang Guhn. Ensuring Master Dosun’s prophecy, he had turned his attention to nurturing his son, then succumbed to Goongyae’s power and became the governor of Geumsung only to die a year later. He is memorialized as an honorary King Sae-Jong when his son Wang Guhn later erects Koryo. About this time, Kyun-hwon of Mujinju focused his attention to stabilizing his territory in the southwest coastal region, and did not engage in warfare after subduing Wansanju.
EPISODE 27
A.D. 898, February, Year 3231 Tangun Era...Goongyae transfers his state capital from Chulwon to Song-ak. He eventually moves the capital back to Chulwon for a reason that still remains unknown. Whatever the reason, one thing is clear—that his decision to move the capital to Song-ak was a mistake from the start. What was Goongyae’s mistake? We will set that question aside and follow him to Song-ak for now.
Goongyae had established a temporary ruling structure in Chulwon, but as he moved his state capital to Song-ak he instituted a more refined system of ruling power. The components are as follows: Legislative body and Supreme Council, Ministry of Military, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Rites, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Royal Treasury, and Ministry of Construction which covered all administrative matters. Unfortunately records do not remain the names of officials who headed the new ministries as this was a fledgling country still in a state of war. Jongkahn remained without an official position and was simply called The Advisor for his unofficial role as an advisor to Goongyae.
EPISODE 28 - none
EPISODE 29 - none
EPISODE 30
Dosun was a high monk who many called the Father of Geomancy, who was born in now Cholla Province in the late Unified Shilla period. From the Zen sect, he became enlightened at an early age, and caused a sensation about the world of enlightenment. But what he is most famous for is his predictions of Wang Guhn’s birth and Wang Guhn’s construction of Koryo. It is said that these were his last words: “Why do you look so sad? Lift off your sorrows. It is honorable to live and die as you are mant to. What is there to be sad [about]? Life and death are equal.” It was in the March of year 898, one year after Wang Guhn’s father Wang Ryung’s death. Losing his father and his mentor back-to-back must have been a terrible blow for Wnag Guhn. Kyun-hwon was also much aggrieved at the news of Dosun’s death.
The method used to process salt at this time was not by evaporation. Salt was obtained by a complicated process of boiling the brine from salt springs. Some believe that the second empress of King Wang Guhn, empress Janghwa, was the daughter of a wealthy salt tycoon named Oh.
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Post by ajk on Apr 5, 2020 14:29:05 GMT -5
EPISODE 31
Palguan ceremony is a celebration and a religious mass for the blessing of the country. In the book of King Dukjong in the Chronicle of Koryo, it was stated that it was customary for high merchants of the Song Empire, Yuhjin, and Tamra to attend this ceremony with gifts of good faith. Records also indicate that Koryo’s first Palguan ceremony took place on the year following Goongyae’s relocation to Song-ak. So it is believed that this event was a long-held tradition for Song-ak in which seafarers prayed for God’s blessings, and pledged their loyaty to their master who protected them. Song-ak was the first and only place that held such rite on [an] international scale in all of Asia. It is evident that Song-ak was the controlling force of the sea at that time.
It was the year 900 A.D. when King Kyun-hwon officially declared resurrection of Baekje, only eight years after he subjugated Mujinju and proclaimed himself king. Goongyae has called his state “Koryo” within the government, but had not made it public at that time. Hence within the unified Shilla, Kyun-hwon was the first to declare an independent state before Goongyae. Kyun-hwon’s Later Bekjae had officially raised its curtain.
EPISODE 32
Kyun-hwon was 27 years old when he subjugated Mujinju and became a king. At the ripe age of 35 he relocated his capital to Wansanju. At last he had established a solid government structure, and officially declared his state Later Bekjae. This was on the 4th year of King Hyogong’s reign in Shilla.
Park Young-kyu is the progenitor of the Park Clan of Soonchun, and a future son-in-law of Kyun-hwon. Later he is noted for aiding Wang Guhn in the early states of Koryo. What’s most intriguing is that fact that he was a descendant of of Shilla’s King Kyung-myung. In other words, a royal of Shilla had submitted himself to Kyun-hwon. It is clearly evidence of Kyun-hwon’s power at the time.
Later Bekjae’s Kyun-hwon adminstration was organized into 14 offices. It was mostly arranged for expedience in warfare. This is a postulation [based on] historical references, not a documented fact. Nonetheless, Kyun-hwon’s most loyal retainer Neunghwan begins to reveal his name in history like this.
After Kyun-hwon established his capital in Wansanju, Goongyae began north and south territory expansion. He assigned Hwan Sungil and his troops to subjugate a large neutral zone between Parhae and Song-ak, and sent Wang Guhn to the south to capture the Hanju region which is now Seoul. With great speed Wang Guhn advanced through Yaesung River, Kanghwa, Han River, Suwon, Ansung, and Chungju. Wang Guhn was met with very little resistance as these were places that were under his influence in the past. He subjugated 30 counties and villages in less than a month into his crusade. It was a dull war, but with amazing accomplishments. Meanwhile, the news of Wang Guhn’s rapid southward advancement has reached Kyun-hwon.
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After defeating Yangil in Jukju, Wang Guhn advanced southward at Goongyae’s command. Goongyae’s territory now included Dangsung, Jukju, Bukwon, Chungju, Choongju and Gueyang, thus almost have of the Three States belonged to him. Now Wang Guhn was headed for Kyun-hwon’s father’s territory Sangju. Standing for Goongyae, Wang Guhn would finally come face to face with Kyun-hwon.
Yu Geungdal is one of Choongju’s men of influence [who] stands out. His daughter would later marry Wang Guhn and give birth to Sung-jong and Kwang-jong, those who succeeded Wang Guhn’s throne following Hae-jong. Wang Guhn was able to subdue Kyungi and Choongchung region without the use of force. Villages that opened their doors without resistance were elevated to “Ju” (Province) status. However, the Mid and West Wonkyung were already called Choong-ju and Chung-ju at this time.
Threatened by Wang Guhn’s triumph over Yangil and continued southward movement, Kyun-hwon finally headed for Sabulju, his father Ahjage’s territory. We will take a closer look at two men accompanying him. Park Young-kyu: Born in Sungpyung County, he was a loyal subject of Kyun-hwon wou would later become Kyun-hwon’s son-in-law. Along with Kyun-hwon, he eventually yields to King Taejo Wang Guhn, and rises to high position in Koryo. He also becomes the father-in-law of King Jung-jong, who succeeds the throne of Wang Guhn after Hae-jong. Gong-jik: The lord of Maegok Castle, he was also a loyal subject of Kyun-hwon at this time. His influence reached several counties of Sabulju, and Ungju. But he would yield his power to Taejo Wang Guhn during the Unification War, causing great disappointment to Kyun-hwon. It is said that his disappointment was so great that he severed the leg tendons of Gong-jik’s children.
EPISODE 35
In truth, both Later Koryo and Later Bekjae lacked credible basis to be called independent nations up to this point. Both leaders had risen to power in small villages and proclaimed kingships as they expanded their land, but they didn’t have all the requisites of a nation. Once Kyun-hwon begins putting himself on the map by naming his country and opening foreign relations, Jongkahn urges Goongyae to do the same. This was the beginning of the Later Three Kingdoms Era. Koryo, Later Bekjae and Shilla would now rival each other as autonomous nations.
EPISODE 36
According to records, Goongyae formally declared the resurrection of Koryo in the year 901. However, it is believed that he began calling his state Koryo as he entered Chulwon Castle in 895. This subsequent discussion over the formal declaration indicates that his state had finally matured into a kingdom.
Jongkahn’s new laws...Sending envoys to publicize Koryo’s existence was undeniably imitative of Bekjae. Keeping children of nobles and officials in royal custody was a highly effective hostage policy to keep regional powers from betraying the king.
Wedlock policy was the best way to secure trust and loyalty in this era of constant shifts and political powers. By establishing blood ties, political power and status was guaranteed and shared. Taejo Wang Guhn would later marry 29 women in different regions throughout Koryo for this same reason.
Yes, Shilla was on its path of downfall for a long time. Their vast territory had been reduced to Surabul and its immediate surroundings, and they helplessly watched as Goongyae and Kyun-hwon claimed independent states on their territory. Shilla’s territory now bordered Kyun-hwon to the west, and Ahjagae’s Sangju and Goongyae’s Myungju to the north. King Hyo-gong who inherited the throne of Queen Jin-sung endeavored to rebuild Shilla in the beginning, but became engrossed in fornication after devastating failure. But Shilla was still alive. A thousand-year-old force does not fall overnight.
Invasion of Surabul may have been a long-intended action for Kyun-hwon. Surabul was the heart of Shilla, symbolizing 1,000 years of history. It was impossible for Kyun-hwon not to covet Surabul. However, although Shilla was a failing empire, there were still aged patriots who held up its administration. That was Choi Seung-woo’s concern, but Kyun-hwon did not recognize that. About this time, Wang Guhn was in Chungju anxiously waiting for what’s to come.
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Invasion of Daeya Fort was unavoidable for Kyun-hwon to gain access to Nakdong River, which provided the most direct route to Shilla. This was an important but untimely battle for Bekjae. As Goongyae’s power grew, Kyun-hwon became anxious to conquer Surabul, the heart of Shilla, before Goongyae could. Kyun-hwon also wanted to test his sons with this war. He was already contemplating his successor. But it could not be an easy battle.
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Goongyae’s royal tour of Koryo began like this. It was a long and arduous trip trekking the entire kingdom from Hyulgu, Hanyang, Jangu, Jukju, Bukwon, Myungju, Uhjin, Naryung, Choongju, Chungju, through Ungju. Goongyae possessed the largest territory of the Later Three Kingdoms at the time. His territory bordered Pyungyang to the north, and extended southward with Ungju, Chungju and Choongju bordering Bekjae and Naryung and Uhjin bordering Shilla. Kyun-hwon’s territory was frustratingly limited compared to Goongyae’s. Goongyae’s Koryo and Sangju blocked his northward expansion, and Shilla still stood to his east. It was out of this frustration that Kyun-hwon decided to lead his entire army and his young sons to invade Daeya Fort.
Kim Hyojong...He was the last of the line of Shilla’s Elite Youths that began with Sadaham and continued through Kim Yushin.
Hyulgu is present-day Kanghwa. One can still enjoy the view of Song-ak and Yaesung atop mountains of Kanghwa. It was under the influence of Wang Guhn’s family before Goongyae came into power. Its importance progressively became recognized and the region sustained close ties with the house of Koryo for 470 years. It also served as a temporary capital for 39 years during the Mongolian invasion.
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The birth of Prodigy Choi Ung...Chronicle of Koryo writes about it like this: When Choi Ung was conceived, a melon was yielded from his family’s cucumber stalk. Upon hearing of this, Goongyae foretold that a male child would be malignant to the kingdom, and ordered his death. Thus he was raised in hiding. Choi Ung mastered Chinese writing and literature at a very young age, and was placed in the Royal Academy in his early teens, receiving Goongyae’s praise as the ultimate sage of his time. He later saves Wang Guhn from being prosecuted for...(text missing from translation)...by the writ of Maitreya worship with his unique wit, and would engage in a battle of ingenuity with Kyun-hwon’s Choi Seung-woo during the unification war as Wang Guhn’s tactician.
Shilla...sovereignty of 1,000 years was slowly on its course of downfall. When Goongyae had conquered the northern region, and Kyun-hwon was at the doorsteps of Daeya Fort, Shilla’s King Hyogong was absorbed in debauchery. Goongyae arrived at Myungju Castle about this time.
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Post by ajk on May 3, 2020 12:29:34 GMT -5
EPISODE 41
Park Sulhee’s eating habits must have been as peculiar as his appearance. His biography contained in the Chronicles of Koryo describes his appetite like this: “He was a meat lover who ate anything from toads to ants.
At Daeya Fort, Kyun-hwon had his very first taste of defeat. He would later attempt to conquer Daeya Fort again only to end in yet another defeat. It was only at the age of 60 that he finally succeeded in conquering Daeya Fort. The pride of Shilla was tenacious and enduring. Goongyae was arriving at Naryung County about this time.
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Busuk Temple follows the teachings of Master Uisang who is responsible for propagation of Avatamsaka sect in Korea. The most important teachings of Avatamsaka sutra are found in the Ten Land. It is the ten prescriptions of the bodhisattva. The last prescription reads like this: “Infinite Buddhas shower the spirit with rain of wisdom and manifest itself though mercy and compassion that put out the fire of suffering in all sentient beings.” In other words, a bodhisattva must attain enlightenment not only for himself, but possess the altruism to lead others to enlightenment. It is not unlike the spirit of this kingdom. Spirit of living for others, and acquiring happiness for the happiness of our peers. (This was spoken by Goongyae while at Busuk Temple and was not strictly speaking a narrated text, but it served the same purpose.)
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Incident at Busuk Temple. Goongyae drove a dagger through a portrait of his father. It was a tremendous act. By doing so, he publicly repudiated his connection to royalty of Shilla. History records this incident like this: “Upon witnessing a portrait of Shilla’s king in Busuk Temple, Goongyae drew his dagger and pierced through it. The dagger mark still remains.” Could it simply have been a burst of uncontrollable anger that drove Goongyae to commit such a wrongful act? Historians take a different view. They believe it was a device to win the hearts of Koryo citizens. With complete denial of his past, he was trying to firmly establish Koryo’s foundation of support. This view is correct in all probability.
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For Goongyae, acquiring Ahjitae was perhaps the most important fruit of his tour. Goongyae was inspired by Ahjitae’s notion: The Great Empire of the Orient. As a prince of Shilla, Goongyae had rebuilt Shilla’s rival Koryo. One must assume that Goongyae carried hidden weight of guilt. With this in mind, the notion of building a brand new empire must have hit home for Goongyae.
Yi Chi...Originator of the Yeahn Yi clan, his given name would later be changed to “Doe” by Wang Guhn for his meritorious achievements. By devising a method to cross the flooded Gold River, he would provide Wang Guhn’s army with access to the south, thereby enabling attack and triumph over Later Bekjae’s Shim Guhn. His great role in the unification of the Three Kingdoms would earn him the title of “ikchan”, the second most meritorious retainer.
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Lengthy royal tour provided a valuable opportunity of self-discovery for Goongyae. His rise to power from a common Buddhist monk to an emperor was possible only because he had asserted himself as the Maitreya Buddha. But he knew he couldn’t settle down as the Maitreya forever. That was his dilemma. But much to his surprise, Ahjitae had provided him with an answer: Great Empire of the Orient. Goongyae had finally discovered his new goal.
Goongyae’s new aspiration was a tremendous shock to Jongkahn. Goongyae was trying to abandon Koryo. And he declared his intent to his subjects without hesitation. Jongkahn couldn’t believe his ears. And he finally realized what transpired in Chungju.
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Geumsung Invasion...This is how the most ingenious and astonishing battle of the Later Three Kingdoms Era begins. Wang Guhn had made two attempts to procure Geumsung in the years 903 and 909, and this is depiction of the events in 903. As the court approves his plans, Wang Guhn begins a full-scale preparation. It was the beginning of a work that would display his skills and expertise as a master mariner He built battleships and trained soldiers in complete concealment. Special training was disguised as routine training, and battleships were disguised as Lord Yu’s commercial ships. This operation was so well concealed that Shilla, Bekjae, and even the citizens of Koryo had no idea about the mission.
Wang Guhn’s battleships were larger than what one might expect. Each accommodated 120 soldiers with their horses and weaponry, and were 17.5 meters wide and 35 meters long. These ships were considerably larger than the ships used in Christopher Columbus’s voyage across the Atlantic in 1492. Koryo possessed surpassed shipbuilding skills 500 years earlier. But yet, Wang Guhn was nervous and troubled. He knew that this plan would not work if he could not secure a source of inside support from Geumsung.
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Chungkwang and Shinkwang...Self-proclaimed Maitreya, Goongyae, had given his sons Buddhist names. Chungkwang signified Bodhisattva of Compassion, and Shinkwang signified Buddha of Western Paradise. This tells us that Goongyae belonged to Mahayana Buddhism. Naming his first son Chungkwang (Blue Light), which signified Bodhisattva of Compassion, also shows his intent for the child to succeed to the throne. However, the lives of the two boys would be cut short by the hands of their own father, Goongyae.
Great General Jang Bogo of yore possessed both power and wealth. He dominated the vast sea, send trade missions to Japan and Tang, and created a new world with trilateral trading...As General Jang’s direct subordinate, our forefather oversaw many direct operations. There were only two men in such position. Details are unsure, but the two were confidants who came from Shilla colony in Tang. Our forefather was one of them. After General Jang was killed and his naval base crumbled, our forefather settled here in Mokpo. (This was spoken by Oh Darin and was not strictly speaking a narrated text, but it served the same purpose.)
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Post by ajk on Jul 12, 2020 16:16:28 GMT -5
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Empress Janghwa...She would later become Wang Guhn’s second empress, and bear King Haejong who succeeds Wang’s throne. She is the daughter of merchant baron Oh Darin of Mokpo. Historical records suggest she was an outgoing, assertive woman. Here, she was weighing the losses and gains with the future of Geumsung at stake.
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Kyun-hwon’s southward progression...When Goongyae was preparing to transform his kingdom with a new name and a new capital, and when Wang Guhn was building battleships and awaiting his chance to stun the world, Kyun-hwon once again equipped his army and embarked on a quest to crush Shilla. This was one year and six months after his defeat at Daeya Fort. At the same time, the Prime Minister of Shilla was Hyojong, the general who had successfully defeated Kyun-hwon’s mighty army at Daeya. Tottering Shilla was clinging to life, struggling to maintain a regime of a thousand years.
Road to Chulwon...In the year 903, Goongyae begins his survey of Chulwon. Wang Guhn’s invasion of Geumsung would take place in the same year. Chulwon was the place where Goongyae had declared sovereignty, and he sought to return to the place where he felt attachment. In the following year, he would rename his kingdom Majin, and title his dynasty Mootae. And finally in 905, despite the strong opposition of his subjects, he relocates his capital to Chulwon.
At last, the greatest naval battle in the history of the Later Three Kingdoms Era gets under way. With a powerful naval force, Koryo was about to invade Geumsung, Bekjae’s largest port and only overseas passage. Oblivious to this fact, Kyun-hwon continued advancing southward. His fervent desire to acquire Shilla had blinded him.
EPISODE 55
In March of 903, 7th year of King Hyogong’s reign, Bekjae’s army led by Kyun-hwon was rapidly advancing towards Surabul. Surabul was located opposite direction of Geumsung. While Geumsung was the heart of the southwestern coast, Surabul was the heart of the southeastern region. Kyun-hwon did not anticipate aggression from Koryo as the war had come to a state of lull, and the news of serious trouble in Koryo over the relocation of its capital was widespread. Reassured by report of Goongyae’s absorption with the matter, Kyun-hwon left his kingdom unguarded, and marched on to subjugate Shilla. He was oblivious about the forthcoming attack on Geumsung.
Goongyae’s imperial city...It was located in a village now called Heunwon, within Chulwon County of Kangwon Province. A local legend attributes Goongyae’s hasty decision in selecting the site for the palace as the cause for cutting short a regime that would have lasted 300 years to less than thirty.
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At last, Geumsung Landing Operation began like this. Historical records document this battle in two separate accounts, in the year 903 and 909. Along with General MacArthur’s Inchon invasion in the Korean War, this battle, which capsized the power balance in the Later Three Kingdoms, is one of what is known in history as The Three Yellow Sea Landing Operations. Koryo’s naval force led by Wang Guhn successfully lands in Geumsung, and begins sweeping the unguarded region. (Note: The text failed to identify the third landing operation, but a map shown on-screen indicated the year 660, which signifies Tang's fleet landing as part of the Shilla/Tang conquest of Baekje.)
EPISODE 59
Choonchun-born Park Yu would later be bestowed the royal surname by Wang Guhn, and become Wang Yu, the progenitor of the Haeju Wang Clan. Erudite of his time, he served as the pedagogue of Goongyae’s two sons. After Ahjitae came into the scene, Jongkahn repeatedly solicited him, and finally succeeded in recruiting him.
EPISODE 60
At last, Wang Guhn succeeded in conquering Geumsung. Not only was Geumsung where Kyun-hwon rose to power, but it was Bekjae’s only gateway for foreign interchange. It was also a strategic loss for Bekjae, as having an enemy territory within the kingdom restricted their movement, and kept them in a state of constant alarm. It was a devastating loss, and a crushing defeat for Bekjae in their first battle against Koryo.
Wansachun...According to records, this is where Wang Guhn met lady Doyoung who would later become Empress Janghwa. The legend has it that Wang Guhn observed an iridescent cloud in the distance after capturing Geumsung, and followed the cloud to Wansachun where he found Doyoung. Similarly, it is said that Doyoung dreamed of a flying dragon the night before their encounter.
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Post by ajk on Sept 20, 2020 1:29:40 GMT -5
EPISODE 61
Kyun-hwon’s crushing defeat against Koryo...Although Sudal vows to recapture Geumsung, it remains in possession of Koryo for a long time to come. Six years later in the year 909, Sudal attempts to recapture Geumsung, but fails against Wang Guhn once again. Losing Geumsung would prove to be a huge strategic loss with lingering effect. So Kyun-hwon returns home in defeat like this.
Majin is an abbreviated form of the word Maha-Jindan, which in Buddhist terms refers to the great empire of the orient. The use of a Buddhist term is easily understood, as Goongyae was a Buddhist monk and a self-proclaimed Maitreya Buddha. Goongyae’s risky pursuits began to breed fear among people of Paesuh who had been the central power of the court. Resurrection of Koguryo, which had been their cause, was now gone, and a new kingdom without root or connection was beginning to rise. Jongkahn and Eunbu shared their fears and concerns as well. Nonetheless, in the year 904, Goongyae oppressed his subjects and began to carry out his decision.
Many clans of this time did not possess specified family names. Receiving a cognomen from the emperor meant elevation of status and rank in the society, and was deemed a tremendous honor. Records indicate Oh Darin and Jonglae were awarded imperial cognomen for their meritorious service in Geumsung, and it is presumed to have taken place in the year 903.
EPISODE 62
Goongyae and his Majin Empire...Goongyae finally began to erect his new empire. Citizens of Chungju were moved to Chulwon, peasants were forced to labor in massive public works, and nobles were imposed exorbitant taxes. Goongyae’s tyranny was slowly emerging to the surface. And in the midst of this, he presents a dagger as a gift to the Khitan leader Yeh-lu Apao-chi to display his sovereign power.
EPISODE 63
Sukchong...A disciple of high monk Jinpyo, he was the dominant figure in [the] Bupsang school of Buddhism that worshipped Maitreya and Ksitigarbha. Sukchong would later give Wang Guhn Maitreya Commandments that were bequeathed to him by Jinpyo.
Goongyae’s reform...Goongyae tightened up his government organizations and set about creating an infallible administration. But this resulted in strengthening Goongyae’s dictatorship and weakening the power of his subjects.
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Sukchong, the dominating figure of orthodox Maitreya sect, has begun to doubt Goongyae. This was extremely important, as Goongyae’s success had been largely due to the belief that he is indeed Maitreya of salvation. The fate of Goongyae’s administration hinged on this faith, and it was beginning to be questioned by the high monk of Maitreya sect Sukchong.
EPISODE 66
Nothing is forever. People worship and believe the 84,000 of Shakyamuni’s dharma gates as absolute eternal truths. But Shakyamuni Buddha was a human himself. A true Buddha saves himself and mankind. How does Buddha save mankind? By setting (a) new ideal for salvation befitting of the time. What is the sutra? It is the law of Buddha. What is the law? It is only a rule established by authority. Yes. I will rewrite the law for the salvation of mankind. I will use my law to enlighten and unite the masses. (This was spoken by Goongyae and was not strictly speaking a narrated text, but it served the same purpose.)
“Buyong” is a fictional name given for Wang Guhn’s first wife who is only known as Empress Shinhae in historical records. Koryo Archives chronicles their encounter like this: “Taejo Wang Guhn took up lodging at Yu Chunkoong’s estate while traveling through Jungju with his troops. Yu offered Taejo and his men generous accommodation and had his daughter serve Taejo in bed. Thereafter, Yu’s daughter cut her hair and became a monk to preserve her virtue. Hearing of this, Taejo sent for her and made her his wife.”
Scriptures should be simple and easy to understand. Great priest Wonhyo once said one can fully understand the world of Buddha by knowing one single chant. Yes. Scripture should be simple and perfect. I must give my people hope for tomorrow, and strength to endure today. That is the Sutra. (This was spoken by Goongyae and was not strictly speaking a narrated text, but it served the same purpose.)
Goongyae’s scripture...Unfortunately, its contents are unknown. But based on the information that Goongyae was a self-proclaimed Maitreya with expert knowledge of Buddhism, one can assume the contents had some degree of substance and depth. The fact that Goongyae wrote a scripture tells us that he truly believed that he was the real Maitreya Buddha. He is rewriting the Sutra.
EPISODE 67
The contents of Goongyae’s Sutra are unknown. But by studying another of his compositions, Hamheung Mooga, we can speculate that his Sutra contained the story about Shakyamuni, Maitreya and the peony blossom. Perhaps this was another device he used to assert himself as the true Maitreya.
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Post by ajk on Nov 30, 2020 22:41:49 GMT -5
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EPISODE 76
On July of 905 SD, one year after Goongyae renamed his kingdom Majin, Goongyae finally completed his new palace in Chulwon and began to transfer his capital city. Henceforth, he gives free rein to his ambition. His ambition, in reality, was a deplorable struggle for unification and territory expansion, and his despotism slowly began to surface.
EPISODE 77
Imperial City relocation: The Chronicles of Koryo depicts this time like this: Goongyae abandoned the city of Song-ak and built a new imperial city in Buyang. Forced conscription for city building left people tired and famished, as time for farming was lost. Shortage of food and ensuing epidemic caused much of the population to perish. An excerpt in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms reads, “Goongyae’s wastage reached extreme heights when he built his new capital.” These records clearly depict the condition at the time of the relocation, and many historians attribute this to Goongyae’s fall. Enormous levies of manpower, resources, and repressive measures provoked a rebellion, which overthrew his government.
EPISODE 78
Yu Geungdal was a man of influence in Choongju. His daughter later becomes Empress Shinmyung Soonsung, third wife of Wang Guhn. Including Princess Naklang, and Kings Jungjong and Kwangjong, she bears six children for Wang Guhn in all, and is speculated to have been the favorite of all of his wives.
EPISODE 79
Ganja...It is the symbol and evidence of Maitreya Buddha. The legend has it that renowned high monk Jinpyo was visited by Maitreya Buddha after ardent prayers, and was given Maitreya’s scriptures and a bone from his finger. Thereafter, Jinpyo spent his life traveling the turbulent world and bringing relief to the people. Some two hundred years and several generations later, evidence of Maitreya was in possession of Jinpyo’s disciple Sukchong. This account is recorded in volume 2 of Genealogical Record of Royalty.
Yoon Shindal is the progenitor of the Yoons of Papyung. He is a man of exceptional civil and military arts skills, who would later be honored as the second meritorious retainer to Wang Guhn. Brothers Chun Yigap and Uigap of Jungsun would also render great service for Wang Guhn, and die a heroic death at the battle of Daegu after saving Wang Guhn’s life.
Tae-pyoung of Yumju was a footsoldier serving under Yu Geumpil when Wang Guhn came across him. Though he was a man of high education, he was drafted into service at the time Yumju was subjugated by Goongyae. With his aid, Wang Guhn’s power finally begins to take flight. Historical records note that Tae-pyoung was a learned man with exceptional knowledge in history.
EPISODE 80
The cultural exchange that Kyun-hwon mentions is worth taking notice. Soon after Kyun-hwon erected his kingdom, he established diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Wuyue in China and gained recognition for himself and his empire. This was not unlike how Silla had put itself on the map through diplomatic relations with Tang. From this, we could conclude that Kyun-hwon was awakened to diplomatic intercourse ahead of Goongyae.
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Post by ajk on Feb 8, 2021 0:28:35 GMT -5
EPISODE 81
Ganja, the symbol of Maitreya, is bequeathed to Wang Guhn. This was a profoundly significant event. By doing this, Sukchong, the disciple of Jinpyo, was proclaiming Wang Guhn as the new supreme leader.
The Chronicles of Koryo writes about Wang Guhn’s dream like this: “At age thirty King Taejo dreamed of being atop a nine-story gold tower.” Astrologer and scribe Choi Jimong would later interpret his dream as a sign that Wang Guhn would unify the Three Kingdoms and become an emperor.
EPISODE 82
Historical records identify this battle in the year 907 as the Battle of Sawhajin. Sawhajin is an earlier name for the environs of Sabulju. To its northwest lies Choryung, and to its northeast Jukryung. On this battle, Wang Guhn captures Sangju, Moonkyung, Youngju and all of the territory north of Nakdong River. Kyun-hwon thereupon makes many attempts to reclaim the lost territory, but fails to defeat Wang Guhn’s army.
Choi Ung of Hwangju. The Chronicles of Koryo writes about his birth like this: A melon was yielded from a cucumber garden in Choi’s home when his mother became pregnant. When an astonished neighbor reported this to Goongyae, he ordered the child discarded, as an augur predicted that the child, if born a male, would be harmful to the kingdom. Thus his parents raised him in concealment. His extraordinary intelligence was noticed at a very young age, and he became Goongyae’s highly valued royal secretariat when he was only fourteen years old.
The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms describes Goongyae in this period like this: Self-proclaimed Maitreya Goongyae adorned his body with gold caps and armor, and always rode white horses with silk-trimmed mane and tail on his outings. He was often escorted by young boys and girls holding aromatic flower petals and parasols ahead of him, and two hundred female monks singing mantras behind him. His cortege was elaborate indeed.
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Goongyae the Maitreya...Only in the ancient world can we find other traces of divine descent of the monarch being claimed. The fact that he was able to do this attests to wide public support in his initial ascension. Although he was now exploiting religion for political control, a great number of people still believe that he was indeed the savior who will deliver them from suffering. And Goongyae wanted to validate this belief.
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Park Yu...Historical records describe him as a divine anchorite who appears to have been greatly respected. Frustrated with Goongyae’s tyranny, he would disappear from the world about this time and reappear when Wang Guhn is elevated to the throne. Like this, Park Yu leaves the palace in search of the master healer, never to return. This would be another devastating loss for Jongkahn.
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Chronicles of Koryo volume 1 writes about Goongyae’s acts of savagery like this: “Goongyae ordered all of Shilla’s surrendered soldiers killed, and grew increasingly violent. Under groundless charges of treason, he ruthlessly killed nearly 100 men a day, many of them his warriors and officials. He claimed to possess the power to read people’s minds, and warned that those caught with treasonous thoughts would be severely punished.” Albeit this record may be somewhat exaggerated, there is no doubt that Goongyae was changing and becoming dissolute. While brutal tyranny continued in Majin, Kyun-hwon was near the city of Geumsung, which was called Naju in Majin.
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The southeast wind...What could Tepyoung be referring to? Invasion of Naju—the biggest amphibious battle of the Later Three Kingdoms—and the miracle of the southeast wind...Tune in next time to find out....
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Post by ajk on Apr 18, 2021 0:46:22 GMT -5
EPISODE 91
Tepyoung’s southeast wind...Chronicles of Koryo depicts this battle like this: “Wang Guhn arrived in Naju and saw that Kyun-hwon’s fleet stretched from Mokpo to Dukjinpo. His warriors were greatly troubled upon seeing the enemy’s strength, but Wang Guhn attacked with fire according to the wind and destroyed their ships, causing Kyun-hwon to flee on a small boat.” Though it is a brief record, it is clear that the wind played a major role in this victory. And it is presumed that they understood and utilized seasonal wind and climatic changes. This event took place in the winter of 909 AD.
EPISODE 92
Wuyue...It was one of the many contending kingdoms in China that sprang up after Tang fell in 907. Much to Wang Guhn’s surprise, Bekjae had promptly established diplomatic relations with Wuyue in preparation for the future unification of the Three Kingdoms.
Dumplings and kimchee...Origin of dumplings is recorded in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Upon meeting a storm at sea which required a sacrifice with a human head to calm it, Zhuge Liang made use of food in the shape of a human head, hence dumplings were born. Various types of kimchees have been enjoyed by Koreans since the ancient Choson period. It developed further in Shilla period with the creation of Nabak and Dongchimi kimchee.
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True path and loyalty—perhaps this was his inspiration. Neungsan would later bravely give up his life in the battle of Daegu to save his master Wang Guhn, and make his mark as the greatest loyal subject of Koryo.
EPISODE 95
Taebong, the third name of Goongyae’s kingdom...His kingdom was erected under the name of Koryo in the year 901, then it was renamed Majin in 904. In the year 911, Goongyae would again change the name of his kingdom to Taebong and the reign title to Suduk-mansae. The name Taebong was derived from the Book of Changes, and signifies the realization of perfect paradise and the Empire of the Orient. The reign title Suduk-mansae comes from the principium of FIve Elements, and Goongyae’s intent was much like that of Qin Shih Huang. Whereas Shih Huang’s goal was pacification of the Zhou Dynasty, Goongyae’s reign title suggests pacification of the Three Kingdoms.
EPISODE 96
Drastic restructuring of Taebong government...It is further evidence of Goongyae’s continuing struggle. He preserved the Supreme Council as the highest-ranking agency, but elevated the Ministry of Construction to the second, and amplified the emperor’s direct involvement. He also downgraded the military, and elevated the Patrol Guard to the third highest power of government.
EPISODE 97
Battle of Naju...it was one of the most enduring and intense battles in the history of the Later Three Kingdoms. Wang Guhn and Kyun-hwon engaged in a total of eight battles in Naju between the years 903 and 917, with Kyun-hwon taking one victory and the rest being won by Wang Guhn: The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records about the battle in 911: “Enraged by the surrender of Geumsung to Goongyae, Kyun-hwon invaded Geumsung with 3,000 troops, but could not defeat them after ten days of persistent combat.”
EPISODE 98
After repeated attempts and failures, drawn-out battle in Naju finally ends with Kyun-hwon returning to the capital in Naju. Joining him in the bitter retreat was Choi Seung Woo, the military advisor and emotional mainstay of Bekjae, who was crushed by the worst defeat of his life. Meanwhile in Chulwon, Goongyae was on his first inspection of the Patrol Guards after renaming his kingdom Taebong.
The Chronicles of Koryo describes Goongyae’s brutality like this: Goongyae claimed he was able to read lechery of women with his supernatural mind-reading powers. He prepared an iron club that was three feet long, and used it whenever he wanted to kill. Women trembled in fear, and resentment and anger deepened.
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EPISODE 100
Wang Guhn returns to the capital after Battle of Naju. The fight for mastery between the Later Three Kingdoms enters (a) state of lull after a fierce battle in Naju comes to an end. Short time before in Shilla, 52nd ruler King Hyokong who succeeded Queen Jinsung died after 15 years of reign, leaving the scepter to King Shinduk. In the year 898, King Hyoking had lost thirty some forts in Paesuh and Hansan to Goongyae and gave way to rise of Koryo, and lost a large southwestern territory to Kyun-hwon in 900 allowing the birth of Later Bekjae. In 904, Goongyae chopped away more of his northern territory, and again in 907, Hyokong gave up a dozen forts in Ilsun to Kyun-hwon, continuing to surrender Shilla’s glory and territory. When he died, he passed on his throne to Shinduk who bore the family name of Park, marking an unprecedented transfer of kingship from the Kim clan to the Park clan. Political instability and fierce veiled enmity among the ruling class continued in Shilla, and its descent was evident.
Imperial Guardian was the chief of Supreme Council, which was the most powerful agency in the court. Like this, Wang Guhn declared his strong will to reshape and reform the corrupted government as Imperial Guardian. In the early spring of year 913, at the age of 37, Wang Guhn at last arose to the position of Imperial Guardian who was beneath one man and above all others.
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Post by ajk on Jun 26, 2021 23:40:14 GMT -5
EPISODE 101
Wang Guhn’s second wife Madam Oh of Naju gave birth to his first son at last. This was in the year 912, shortly before Wang Guhn was appointed Imperial Guardian. Wang Guhn’s first son would later become King Haejong, the second king of Koryo. Titled Crown Prince in 921, Haejong would succeed his father’s throne in 934 against many contending princes. Behind his enthronement was the tireless effort of his mother Madam Oh who would later be known as Queen Janghwa.
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Pyongyang...Though it was not emphasized during this time of fierce contention between the Later Three Kingdoms, Pyongyang is the most important capital in Korean history. It served as a principal city from founding progenitor Tangun in 2333 BC to the Wi-sun Choson Dynasty. In 313 AD Koguryo defeated the Chinese colony of Nanglang, and Pyongyang became Koguryo’s capital for the next 240 years. When Koguryo was defeated by allied forces of Tang and Shilla, Tang had gained control of the city, but now it was left abandoned as internal struggles continued in Tang.
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Daeya Fort (now Hopchun): Kyun-hwon had once before tried and failed to conquer Daeya Fort in August of 901 at the age of 35. 15 years later in 916 at the age of 50, he would make his second attempt. Daeya was the gateway to Shilla and a point of strategic importance with access to [the] Nakdong River. Taebong’s internal struggle provided a good opportunity for Bekjae to undertake this invasion attempt.
EPISODE 108
Daeya Fort: It was located south of Hopchun. This was a territory of continuous strategic importance since the time of old Three Kingdoms. It was surrounded by Nakdong River to the east, Euryung to the south, Goryung to the north and Guhchan to the west. Surrounded by towering mountains, it was also an invincible natural fortress. The road to Shilla was too long for Bekjae without conquering Daeya, and that was the reason for Kyun-hwon’s enduring efforts.
EPISODE 109
Daeya Fort was a point of strategic importance back in the era of Old Three Kingdoms. Our ancestor General Yoonchoong captured successfully seized this fort from Shilla’s renowned general Jukjuk. The castle lord at the time was the son-in-law of Kim Choonchu who later became the king of Shilla. (This was spoken by Kyun-hwon and Choi Seung Woo as the attack on Daeya began and was not strictly speaking a narrated text, but it served the same purpose.)
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Post by ajk on Sept 5, 2021 0:59:24 GMT -5
EPISODE 111
We continue to highlight Goongyae’s northward expansion policy because there [is much] evidence of his unyielding determination. As he founded Koryo in 901 A.D., he declared, “Erstwhile Shilla conspired with Tang and destroyed Koguryo. I will take vengeance, for now the old capital Pyongyang is riddled with grass.” WG would also recognize the importance of this policy, and stations a large military garrison force under the command of his cousin Wang Shikryum on the year he is brought to the throne. Two years later, he would declare Pyongyang “The West Capital” and move the inhabitants of many neighboring villages to develop and fortify the metropolis.
Kyun-hwon’s second attempt to conquer Daeya Fort goes to fail once again. Daeya Fort was the last pride of Shilla that they would not let go. But KH’s determination was also strong, and in the year 980, at the age of 54, he would at last succeed in capturing Daeya Fort.
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Hyung-mi: He entered priesthood at age of 15 as a disciple of Bojo, and received the Doctrine of Discipline from Hwa-Um temple. Born in 864 A.D., he was 52 years of age at this time. He returned to Korea in 905 after being taught in Tang by high monk Do-ung, and was one of the four greatest monks of Zen Buddhism in Korea along with Yi-um, Yuh-um, and Kyung-yu. His relations with Wang Guhn would not be long, unfortunately, as he would soon meet his end demonstrating his belief.
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EPISODE 116
Yunhwa--it is a fictitious name. The historical records only indicate her last name as Kang. She was born in Shinchun, located adjacent to Wang Guhn’s birthplace Song-ak in the region of Paesuh. Her actual death occurred in the year 915, but it is depicted at this time for dramatic purposes. The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms describes the events surrounding her death like this: “As Empress Kang remonstrated King Goongyae’s wrongdoings, the king turned to her in loathing and accused her of adultery. At the empress’s denial, the king said, ‘I have seen it all with my divine power,’ and killed her with a hot iron club. And the injury spread to the two sons as well.” But some historians believe Empress Kang was killed in a political battle against Goongyae’s autocracy backed by the nobles of Paesuh. The love story between Empress Kang and Wang Guhn is dramatized based on a short folk legend in Chulwon.
EPISODE 117
Samuwye Masters: It means four masters in state of perfect stillness. They were Kyung-yu, Yi-um, Yuh-um, and Hyung-mi, with Hyung-mi being the second-oldest of the four. All of them studied in China under one master, and were brothers of the faith.
EPISODE 118
Gokyung Prophecy: It is a cryptic writing found inside an old mirror that prophesizes Wang Guhn’s enthronement. Written in secret language, it is comprised of 11 verses and 145 words. Gokyung means “an ancient mirror.” At this time in China, legends not recorded in official documents were passed down by word of mouth. These were mostly about Taoist hermits, spiritual masters, mythical powers and prophecies. During the Song Dynasty, these legends would be compiled in a book titled “Chronicles of Ancient Mirror” which leads to speculation that ancient mirror represents prophecies and superstition.
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Wang Guhn’s revolution...A revolution signifies destruction of existing power and creation of a new world. In the year 918, Wang Guhn launched a revolution at last. Historical records describe this time like this: “After plotting in secrecy, generals Hong Yu, Bae Hyunkyung, Shin Seungkyum and Bok Jikyum went to Taejo on the 52nd night of sexagenary cycle in June expressing their desire to serve him as their leader. He repeatedly declined until his wife, Madam Yu, brought out his armor and dressed him herself. Men were sent out on horseback crying out, “Lord Wang has raised the flag of righteousness!” Countless citizens rushed out in support, and over 10,000 waited for his arrival in advance and the palace sounding the drums. But the entire population of Chulwon was less than 10,000 at the time. Those who were sounding the drums were revolutionary army mobilized beforehand.
Jongkahn...He was the first to be executed after Wang Guhn came to power. Judging by the record that he came from a monk’s background, it is speculated that he was Goongyae’s main intellectual support; hence this drama depicts him as Goongyae’s adviser. It is presumed that Goongyae’s regime was controlled by ideas of Jongkahn and strength of Eunbu’s Royal Guards.
Goongyae...Born a prince of Shilla, he fell victim to a power struggle in the royal house, losing his eye and roaming vagrantly before winning the hearts of the people and rising to the throne. He first named his kingdom Koryo, respecting the nobles of old Koguryo who had provided his foundation, but soon changed the name to Majin, then to Taebong. He asserted autonomous unification, refusing to turn to foreign alliance for help, and cherished the dream of northward expansion. But he grew despotic over time and ruled with unmitigated tyranny. Calling himself Maitreya Buddha, he used an unprecedented method of oppression called Maitreya Mind-Reading Law, which led to his tragic end. Chronicles of Koryo writes that he was beaten to death the day after the overthrow by a group of citizens who caught him stealing barley from a field, but it is hard to believe a man of such existence could die such a death. Keeping in mind that history is written by the victor, this story is dramatized by the imagination of the writer. So the record of one hero who took the world by storm closes its chapter here, and a new chapter of history begins.
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Post by ajk on Nov 14, 2021 18:15:49 GMT -5
EPISODE 121
Wang Guhn ascends to the throne at last. History records a number of predictions that foretell his enthronement: Dosun’s prophecy, the dream of nine level golden pagoda, and master Sukchong’s bestowal of Ganja. But the facts could have been exaggerated after Wang Guhn came to power. In his inauguration, Wang Guhn identified Goongyae’s mistakes and renamed the kingdom and the era. This was a significant move that denounced the old and declared a new beginning. Koryo was an abbreviated name for Koguryo commonly used by the Chinese empires of the previous era. It was on the 15th day of June in 918 A.D. that Wang Guhn official renamed his kingdom Koryo and assumed the crown. He was 41 years of age.
Wang Guhn’s reform was startling indeed, as this was a time of war in the Later Three Kingdoms, and exemption of tax in such times was a risky move that could jeopardize the financial state of the kingdom. But even after his three-year period, he continued his groundbreaking management by reducing the tax to 1/10 of income from Goongyae’s previous 1/3 policy. Suspension of statute labor and military conscription was also a large sacrifice on the national level, but he would keep his promise, as they were crucial measures in winning the hearts of the people.
Wang Guhn’s reform was startling indeed, as this was a time of war in the Later Three Kingdoms, and exemption of tax in such times was a risky move that could jeopardize the financial state of the kingdom. But even after his three-year period, he continued his groundbreaking management by reducing the tax to 1/10 of income from Goongyae’s previous 1/3 policy. Suspension of statute labor and military conscription was also a large sacrifice on the national level, but he would keep his promise, as they were crucial measures in winning the hearts of the people.
Wang Guhn’s wives...Records indicate there were 29 in all. The first was Madam Yu, the daughter of Lord Yu of Chungju. It is recorded she received her title on the 16th year of Taejong’s reign by Emperor of Later Tang, but she is likely to have been given her title upon Wang Guhn’s enthronement. But second wife Madam Oh received the title Empress Janghwa only after her death. The third wife, Madam Yu of Choongju, also did not have the honor of being called an empress until her children have her the posthumous title Empress Shinmyung-Soonsung.
EPISODE 122
Park Yu...He was one of the most prominent scholars of the time. Appointed to oversee the education of Goongyae’s sons, he had gone into hiding after Goongyae’s tyranny became extreme. Wang Guhn, who was extremely concerned for his popularity at the time, could not be more thrilled when Park Yu returned. Wang Guhn would bestow his last name upon him, and would assign him important tasks of mentoring his children and handling classified government documents.
EPISODE 123
Chungju: It belonged to Bekjae in the Old Three Kingdoms era. Once the cultural hub during Unified Shilla, it became a point of strategic importance as Korea was divided into Later Three Kingdoms, sharing its border with all three warring states. Chungju played a major role when Goongyae moved his capital to Chulwon. He moved 1,000 households of Chungju to Chulwon to build and occupy the new city, which was partly a strategic maneuver to prevent an uprising of Chungju. But as time passed, people of Chulwon began to take root in Goongyae’s administration, and began to develop a proprietary sentiment towards the imperial city. Considering this, Chungju’s rebellion after Goongyae’s dethronement was foreseeable.
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Rebellion of Naju...It was demoralizing news to Wang Guhn after dealing with back-to-back uprisings in Chungju and Myungju, and conspiracies of Hwan Sungil and Yim Choongil. Naju was a symbolic territory where Wang Guhn had met his second wife, and had turned for comfort in times of distress. But the rebellion was an exaggerated report of a small riot led by two men named Kyunggil and Ahcha in a small village of Gaechun adjacent to Naju. Koryo quickly responded by preparing countermeasures, but rebels were already being routed by the local military at this time.
EPISODE 126
Park Yu...He would be called “Wang Yu” after receiving the royal last name from Wang Guhn. According to archives, he was given an official position at the court along with the royal last name immediately upon his return to the court at Wang Guhn’s enthronement. In the ensuing period, many others of special merit would receive the same last name as a reward. By this, Emperor Wang Guhn was providing them with political and social security.
As resistance subsided, Wang Guhn began solidifying the foundation of Koryo. Among his works was continuing Goongyae’s cherished advance of northward conquest. He had already sent his cousin Wang Shikryum to the north, taking over deserted Pyongyang Fort, and started to form ties with local lords. Most notable was the attainment of submission from Yoon Sun, the most powerful man in the region who brought with him a private militia of 2,000 troops into Wang Guhn’s northward army. wang Guhn also prepares to move his capital to Song-ak and rewards those who helped him to the throne. Koryo was beginning to find foundation and stability. At this time, Choi Ung was on his way to Sangju with the rare wild ginseng. Just as Koryo was jumping in to save Ahjagae, so was Kyun-hwon of Bekjae.
Meritorious retainers...These are real names that are mentioned in the Chronicles of Koryo. Including those who rendered services in the unification of the Three Kingdoms, there are over 3,200 names honored as meritorious retainers during the reign of Taejo Wang Guhn. Among them, 2,000 were honored for services during founding of the country. A notable fact is that all of those who received the highest honor were of peasant background, while those who received the second highest honor were mostly aristocrats. Considering the practice at the time, this was very unique.
EPISODE 127
So Goongyae’s bloodline is hence carried on. This child would later grow up to serve in Wang Guhn’s administration. This was quite contrary to the common practice of annihilating the bloodline upon change of power.
An excerpt in Chronicles of Koryo mentions an herb of good omen that was offered to Wang Guhn by an official named Neung Yoon, for which he was rewarded with grain. No one knows if this was wild ginseng of old age, but it is dramatized in this story to explain Ahjagae’s puzzling migration to Koryo.
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Wang Guhn’s harsh reaction was not unreasonable. This was a pivotal event for Koryo that could change the hearts of citizens in the entire Three Kingdoms. Historical record states: “During the rehearsal of Ahjagae’s reception ceremony, Taejo (Wang Guhn) exiled Alderman Ryu Munyul and Marshal Joo Sungil for bickering over their seating.” This tells us how important this event was to Wang Guhn.
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Post by ajk on Jan 23, 2022 5:07:22 GMT -5
EPISODE 131
Surrender of Ungju...Ungju effortlessly became territory of Bekjae after Lee Honnam deserted his post and went to Chulwon. Upon surrender of Ungju, over ten neighboring villages passed into the possession of Bekjae as well. And so, while greater profit was achieved by capitulation of Ahjagae, Wang Guhn had also suffered a significant loss. These were the times when betrayal by reason of self-interest was not uncommon.
Kyun-hwon had three sons by his legitimate wife named Shin-guhm, Yang-guhm, and Yong-guhm. Geum-kang, a son born of a royal concubine, is the one Kyun-hwon favored most, and he would later attempt to bequeath [Geum-kang] his throne. The names of the empress and the concubine, and the birth details of Kyun-hwon’s sons are unclear, as many historical records of Bekjae were lost when Bekjae fell. However, traces exist that show Kyun-hwon’s tough-love approach in raising his children. They were often sent out to combat and ordered to serve duties in the outposts. This manner of parenting was in line with Kyun-hwon’s masculine character.
Kyun-hwon’s younger sister Daeju-dogeum...A short excerpt in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms describes her like this: “Kyun-hwon was the eldest between Ahjagae and his two wives. Kyun-hwon’s younger brothers were Neungyae, Yongae, Bogae, and Sogae, and they were all exceptional generals. They also had a daughter named Daeju-dogeum, and she, too, was a general.” This tells us that Ahjagae’s daughter Daeju was a woman of uncommon leadership and martial arts.
Eight Gate Mass...Prior to leaving Chulwon, Wang Guhn held this prayer ceremony to console the spirit of the dead, comfort his citizens, and pray for the future of the kingdom. This was in November of 918, the year of Wang Guhn’s revolution. Eight Gate Mass would become an annual event for the next 500 years of Koryo’s existence. Anyhow, Wang Guhn overcomes challenges of his beginning, and begins to map out the kingdom’s future. This was a ceremony that would mark the start of Wang Guhn’s era.
EPISODE 132
Relocation of the capital...Six months after Wang Guhn took the crown from Goongyae and founded Koryo in January of 919, Wang Guhn moves the state capital to his home town Song-ak. There remained in Song-ak a royal palace built for Goongyae by Wang Guhn many years back. Upon Wang Guhn’s return, Song-ak would be called Song-do or Gae-kyung. At last Goongyae’s Taebong era of 22 years comes to an end, and Koryo era of 500 years begins. The first six months of Wang Guhn’s reign were extremely turbulent and eventful. Rebellions sprung up far and near, and some bordering cities turned their backs and surrendered themselves to Bekjae. One particular loss was Ungju where over ten villages passed into the hands of Bekjae when General Lee Honnam left his post in rebellion. But Wang Guhn survived these adversities with grace and wisdom by humbling himself and collaborating with powerful local officials rather than ruling over them. And he held fast to Goongyae’s Northward Expansion Policy. Immediately upon enthronement, he declared the importance of Pyongyang by titling it “Sister Capital”, and began the work of reviving the old capital of Koguryo by populating the long-abandoned city with neighboring villagers. Once things started to settle down, he relocated the capital to Song-ak.
Honoring of ancestors was a common practice for a new king. But it was [because of] Wang Guhn’s desire to honor Master Dosun and many other monks who helped him to the throne that he built ten temples around the city. Another reason was to display his regard for Buddhism since it was the prevailing religion of the Later Three Kingdoms.
54th king of Shilla King Kyungmyung....He had ascended to the throne two years prior and had tried in vain to revive the declining state by offering tribute to Later Tang of China. Under threat of attack from Bekjae, he ends up seeking aid from Wang Guhn. Sending an envoy to Koryo meant accepting the legitimacy of the state they had cast off as rebels. This was a sign that Shilla was near its end. Evil omens foretelling the fall of Shilla are recorded in Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms like this: “On the 15th day of sexagenary cycle in the 5th year of Jungmyung Era during King Kyungmyung’s reign, a dog in the painting of the Four Devas suddenly barked. The evil spirit was chased away with three days of chanting, but the dog barked again less than half a day later. And on the 17th day of sexagenary cycle in the 7th year, shadow of Hwangryung Temple Tower was cast upside down on the Golden Snake Pond for a month. And in the same year in October, the bowstrings of gods in the Four Devas Temple suddenly snapped, and the dog leaped out of the all painting into the garden and went back in.” These were dark overtures to nearing doom.
Court maids...No records were found that describe the royal court at this time. But Wang Guhn begins to take in many wives from this time on. Later records account for as many as 29 wives with 25 sons and 9 daughters. Many were marriages of convenience to appease wealthy and powerful clans, but some were chosen among the ladies of the court. The stories of his wives are omitted in this drama, as they do not pertain to the main plot.
And henceforth Neungsan is called Shin Seungkyum, the originator of the Shin Clan of Pyungsan. The land he received at the tie would be named Kungwejun, and is still occupied by his descendants. Perhaps this was his reason. Shin Seungkyum would later die for Wang Guhn at the battle of Daeju in his final display of loyalty.
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Yu Geumpil...Native of Pyungju, along with Shin Seungkyum, he was one of Wang Guhn’s most brave and loyal servants. Like this, he would periodically go to the north, bringing tribal leaders of the frontier to their knees and rescuing thousands of captured citizens of Koryo. And he would glorify Wang Guhn with his distinguished military services until old age. He was an indispensable subject to Wang Guhn.
EPISODE 134
Subjugation of Daeya Fort...In October of year 920 AD, Kyun-hwon finally succeeds in conquering Daeya Fort. He had failed [in] his first attempt at age 35, then again at age 50. On his third attempt, at age, 54, he finally succeeded. One can only imagine his joy.
Kyun-hwon’s southern conquest...Once he captured Daeya Fort, Kyun-hwon began to sweep through Shilla like a storm. He anticipated the late arrival of Koryo forces, and attempted to make full use of the small window of time. And he began to flaunt his strength capturing Sangsung, Hamyang, Guhchang, Sungjoo, Andong, and other border territories.
EPISODE 135
(spoken by Kyun-hwon) King Uija was a good king. But by the time he took the throne, the kingdom was already in irreparable turmoil. It is he who shocked Shilla by taking Daeya Fort from them. But in the end he failed. It is because he did not have the unified support of his people and his subjects. So the kingdom fell….Tang-Shilla invasion force of 13,000 led by Su Ting-fang and Kim Inmun destroyed our Bekjae and took King Uija prisoner to Tang. Our king was made to kneel before the barbarians of Tang and Shilla, and was subjected to all kinds of scorn…King Uija, his sons, 93 ministers and 12,270 of our people were taken prisoner to Tang and made slaves or left to die on the streets! You mustn’t forget this atrocity, Geum-kang.
EPISODE 136
Byukjin Fort and its lord Lee Chong-on...Byukjin is modern-day Sungju in North Kyungsang Province. It was a point of tremendous strategic importance with Dalsung and Chilgok to its southeast, Kimchun to its north and Daeya Fort to its south. Lord Lee Chongon, a leader of high public favor, protected this land and provided an important shield for Koryo against Bekjae. For this, he would be recorded as one of Koryo’s merit subjects and becomes progenitor of the Lee Clan of Byukjin. He would show unchanging loyalty to Wang Guhn until his death at age 81 [in] the 21st year of Wang Guhn’s reign.
EPISODE 137
Kyungbo...He was a disciple of Dosun. His secular name is Kim Kwangjong. He entered priesthood at Buin Temple in Mt. Palgong at age 19, and moved to Oakryong Temple in Cholla Province, becoming Master Dosun’s disciple. He also studied in Hwaum Temple of Mt. Walyu, Muyum of Mt. Sungju, and under Master Bumil of Gulsan Temple. He returns to his homeland in 921 after 30 years of study in Tang China where he inherited the teachings of Jodongjong in Muji and made a name for himself.
Wang Guhn knew and understood human nature better than anyone. And he had a keen eye for what the public wanted and thirsted for. During this time of war and instability, priority was in giving his people purpose and meaning. He instilled this upon his officials and launched a project of temple restoration to provide hope for his tired people. Ove five hundred temples were built or restored at this time. Furthermore, he ordered high monks to promote cultivation of monks and placed them across the state under the name of the emperor, strengthening his power and unifying the people. This was in stark contrast to his predecessor Goongyae, who had used religion for self-righteous idolatry.
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EPISODE 140
In December of 921, nine-year-old Prince Mu is proclaimed Heir Apparent of Koryo. He is the second Emperor of Koryo, Haejong. The Chronicles of Koryo write about this event like this: “Taejo Wang Guhn saw the virtue worthy of a king in Mu when he was only seven years old. After vacillation due to his mother’s inadequacy, he quietly made his decision, giving her the Imperial Robe in an old wooden box. Park Sulhee realized Taejo’s intent upon seeing the item, and appealed for prince Mu’s designation of Heir Apparent. Nonetheless, Madam Doyoung’s son Mu is proclaimed Heir Apparent. And Wang Guhn begins yet another reform in his kingdom. unofficial translation with missing dialogue included:...Lady Oh was of low class, and so he could not be invested. But, Wang Geon decided to after giving her the Imperial robe inside of an old box. Lady Oh showed Park Sulhee the box, and Park Sulhee realized [Wang Geon's] intent to make her son Heir Apparent. We think the statement that Lady Oh was of low class was added afterward, for political reasons. Nevertheless, Lady Oh's son was proclaimed Heir Apparent, and...
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Post by ajk on Apr 2, 2022 8:34:41 GMT -5
EPISODE 141
In 924 AD, four years after the Battle of Daeya, King Kyun-hwon finally broke the long silence and took up arms again. Both Shilla and Koryo had suspended their battle for domestic reinforcement. Koryo in particular had made much progress in foreign and domestic exploits. In 922 Khitan envoys brought camels and carpets to Koryo soliciting friendly relations. This appears to be an attempt to study Koryo prior to the invasion of Parhae, which shared common traits. Koryo also wanted to study the northern frontier through Khitan. This exchange with Khitan further stimulated Wang Guhn’s interest and fueled his desire for northward expansion. Hence he would begin to explore China proper by sending envoys to Wuyue, Later Tang, Later Liang, and Parhae. Wang Guhn also made many domestic advances. Lord Kim Soonshik of Myungju finally submitted to Wang Guhn’s administration at [the] persistent urgings of his father Huhwal, as well as General Won Bong of Haji and Lord Hong Sul of Jinbo. Taking into account that these were leaders of border territories against Bekjae, this was a significant gain. Their submission was the cause of intimidation, which sparked King Kyun-hwon of Bekjae to take up arms again.
Taejo Wang Guhn’s third wife Madam Yu...She bears [the] most children out of all Wang Guhn’s wives with five sons and two daughters. Oldest son Tae dies as a child and his two [next] sons become 3rd and 4th kings of Koryo following Madam Oh’s son King Haejong. One might say that her fixation for the throne for her first son paid off in a big way with her second and third sons. By this time Wang Guhn had taken on many daughters of provincial landlords as royal consorts. They were marriages of convenience designed to strengthen their ties to the royal house.
Choi Chongjin is the given name of Choi Jimong. Bon in Young-am as a son of a government official [named] Sanggi, he was taught by Hyunil and recognized as a prodigy at an early age by mastering the book of Chinese classics and history. He would enter the court at Choi Ung’s recommendation and serve Wang Guhn throughout his reign, continuing his service as an important advisor of the royal court to successive kings Haejong and Jungjong.
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EPISODE 143
King Kyungmyung’s death...57th king of Shilla King Kyungmyung served [on] the throne for seven years. He tried in vain to revive the declining kingdom by soliciting aid from Later Tang, and succumbed to death in September 924. He established alliance with Wang Guhn of Koryo to block Bekjae’s invasion, but this measure would provide a basis for becoming a subordinate state of Koryo. Succeeding his throne was his younger brother Kyung-ae, who tragically meets his death by Kyun-hwon.
EPISODE 144
Records are unclear about the time of Madam Doyoung’s installation as the empress, but historians believe it was about the time Prince Mu became the Heir Apparent. While Doyoung becomes the empress, Suin would remain among the royal consorts. Thus the hierarchy among the royal consorts becomes clear. Perhaps Wang Guhn was concerned about the rivalry that may exist between his 29 consorts and many children, and wanted to put them in their place early on. So Doyoung becomes the elder of the palace recognized by all. And she would be called Empress Janghwa by the later generations.
EPISODE 145
Parhae...The first record of Parhae refugee migration is recorded in the Chronicle of Koryo in 925 AD. Parhae’s progenitor is Tae Choi-young. His family was among the 2800 Koguryo families that were moved to Chinese territory in 668 when Shilla-Tang allied forces brought down Koguryo. In 698 he escaped to the eastern territory along with other Koryo migrants and Malgal people and established the kingdom of Parhae near Gilim. In its 230 years of existence, it subdued Malgal influence, and its territory extended from [the] Sungari and Amur rivers in northern Manchuria down to Koryo. It enjoyed high prosperity and was referred to as “the prosperous country of the East.” But it was hopelessly weakened internally by segregated social structure, and Parhae would crumble in only 15 days of Khitan invasion led by Yeh-lu A-pao-chi in December of 925.
Battle of Jomul Fort...It would become a heartbreaking event for Wang Guhn. It was a first battle in many years that he led himself. Preparations began in the summer, and they marched to battle once September came. It was well into September when both Bekjae and Koryo forces arrived in Jomul Fort. About this time, Western Subjugation General Yu Geumpil arrived in Yimjon County (now Yaesan) and launched an immediate aggression against Yunsanjin, capturing or killing over 3,000 Bekjae soldiers. This was a border region under Bekjae control. Accordingly, Koryo temporarily held an upper hand in the first battle against Bekjae.
EPISODE 146
Kyun-hwon and the tale of the worm...A story is written in ancient chronicle of a young maiden who becomes pregnant after being nightly visited by a mysterious young man of striking appearance. A thread was sewn on his clothes to identify him one night, and followed next morning, to find that he was a worm. The child [that the] maiden produced was Kyun-hwon. Of course this is only a mythical tale. But this tale would play a significant role in the forthcoming battle of Andong and endure as a legend to this day. This story is dramatized, adapting from the Tales of Andong.
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This was indeed the beginning of Kyun-hwon’s era. After acquiring Wang Guhn’s submission in Jomul Fort, Kyun-hwon pressed forward and captured Shilla’s outer perimeter from Daeya to Guh-chang. And he was officially recognized by Later Tang as the Emperor of Bekjae with a title “Superior Superintendent and Imperial Guardian Commander in Chief of Military and Civil Affairs.” Eight years earlier, Kyun-hwon had received an official title of “Central Esteemed Father” from Wuyue. Of the three kingdoms, Bekjae was the most actively engaged in diplomatic intercourse at this time. It is fair to say that these were years dominated by Bekjae. Disheartened Wang Guhn was returning to Song-ak about this time.
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